Here are some MCQs on Environmental Science which will be helpful in the Entrance Exams for the PhD or any post graduation examinations
- Question: What is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis?
- A) Nitrogen
- B) Oxygen
- C) Sunlight
- D) Carbon dioxide
- Question: Which greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for global warming?
- A) Carbon dioxide
- B) Methane
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Ozone
- Question: What is the major component of the ozone layer?
- A) Oxygen
- B) Nitrogen
- C) Ozone
- D) Carbon dioxide
- Question: What is the term for the loss of a species from a particular habitat or the entire planet?
- A) Extinction
- B) Erosion
- C) Evaporation
- D) Decomposition
- Question: Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
- A) Wind energy
- B) Solar energy
- C) Fossil fuels
- D) Biomass
- Question: What is the main cause of acid rain?
- A) Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Methane
- D) Ozone
- Question: What is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth?
- A) Lakes
- B) Rivers
- C) Glaciers and ice caps
- D) Groundwater
- Question: Which environmental law regulates the disposal of hazardous waste in the United States?
- A) Clean Water Act
- B) Clean Air Act
- C) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
- D) Endangered Species Act
- Question: What is the term for the gradual increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to human activities?
- A) Global warming
- B) Ice age
- C) Greenhouse effect
- D) El Niño
- Question: What is the primary function of wetlands in an ecosystem?
- A) Carbon sequestration
- B) Energy production
- C) Desertification
- D) Soil erosion control
- Question: What is the primary cause of the hole in the ozone layer?
- A) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Methane
- C) Nitrogen oxides
- D) Sulfur hexafluoride
- Question: Which biome is characterized by low temperatures, permafrost, and a short growing season?
- A) Tropical rainforest
- B) Tundra
- C) Grassland
- D) Desert
- Question: In the water cycle, what process involves the conversion of water vapor into liquid water?
- A) Evaporation
- B) Condensation
- C) Transpiration
- D) Precipitation
- Question: What is the main cause of eutrophication in freshwater ecosystems?
- A) Deforestation
- B) Industrial pollution
- C) Excessive nutrient runoff
- D) Oil spills
- Question: Which environmental issue is associated with the loss of biodiversity?
- A) Acid rain
- B) Desertification
- C) Deforestation
- D) Greenhouse effect
- Question: What is the primary function of the Montreal Protocol?
- A) Address climate change
- B) Reduce ozone-depleting substances
- C) Control deforestation
- D) Regulate water pollution
- Question: Which of the following is a renewable energy source derived from the Earth’s internal heat?
- A) Solar power
- B) Geothermal energy
- C) Hydroelectric power
- D) Biomass
- Question: What is the term for the process by which a habitat becomes progressively drier and more desert-like?
- A) Eutrophication
- B) Desertification
- C) Acidification
- D) Salinization
- Question: What is the primary cause of the “hole in the ozone layer”?
- A) Pesticides
- B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- C) Volcanic activity
- D) Acid rain
- Question: Which gas is most responsible for the enhanced greenhouse effect?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Water vapor
- Question: Which environmental phenomenon is characterized by an abnormal warming of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean?
- A) El Niño
- B) La Niña
- C) Monsoon
- D) Typhoon
- Question: What is the primary cause of coral bleaching in coral reefs?
- A) Pollution
- B) Overfishing
- C) Elevated sea temperatures
- D) Sedimentation
- Question: Which of the following is a major greenhouse gas released during the combustion of fossil fuels?
- A) Hydrogen
- B) Methane
- C) Carbon monoxide
- D) Carbon dioxide
- Question: What is the term for the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth?
- A) Oligotrophication
- B) Eutrophication
- C) Hypoxia
- D) Desalination
- Question: Which international agreement aims to limit global temperature increase and combat climate change?
- A) Kyoto Protocol
- B) Basel Convention
- C) Rio Declaration
- D) Montreal Protocol
- Question: In ecology, what is the term for a species that has a disproportionate impact on its environment relative to its abundance?
- A) Indicator species
- B) Keystone species
- C) Invasive species
- D) Endangered species
- Question: What is the primary function of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)?
- A) Humanitarian aid
- B) Conservation of endangered species
- C) Promotion of renewable energy
- D) Environmental policy advocacy
- Question: Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
- A) Troposphere
- B) Stratosphere
- C) Mesosphere
- D) Thermosphere
- Question: What is the primary cause of soil erosion?
- A) Deforestation
- B) Overgrazing
- C) Urbanization
- D) Acid rain
- Question: What is the main component of natural gas?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Sulfur hexafluoride
- Question: Which of the following is a major cause of soil salinization?
- A) Deforestation
- B) Over-irrigation
- C) Acid rain
- D) Urbanization
- Question: What is the primary source of indoor air pollution in many developing countries?
- A) Industrial emissions
- B) Tobacco smoke
- C) Radon gas
- D) Pesticides
- Question: What is the term for the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials?
- A) Recycling
- B) Incineration
- C) Landfilling
- D) Composting
- Question: Which oceanic zone is characterized by its depth, lack of light, and extremely low temperatures?
- A) Epipelagic zone
- B) Mesopelagic zone
- C) Bathypelagic zone
- D) Abyssopelagic zone
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas emitted from the agricultural sector?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
- Question: Which international treaty aims to protect biodiversity by promoting the sustainable use of biological resources?
- A) Ramsar Convention
- B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- C) Basel Convention
- D) Stockholm Convention
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- Question: What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
- A) Produce oxygen
- B) Break down dead organic matter
- C) Fix nitrogen
- D) Conduct photosynthesis
- Question: What is the primary cause of the “hole in the ozone layer” over Antarctica?
- A) Volcanic emissions
- B) Industrial pollutants
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- D) Deforestation
- Question: Which of the following is a non-point source of water pollution?
- A) Factory discharge pipe
- B) Oil spill
- C) Urban sewage treatment plant
- D) Agricultural runoff
- Question: What is the term for the gradual increase in the acidity of oceans due to absorption of excess carbon dioxide?
- A) Eutrophication
- B) Ocean acidification
- C) Desalination
- D) Hypoxia
- Question: What is the primary cause of the formation of the ozone hole in the stratosphere?
- A) Nitrogen oxides
- B) Sulfur dioxide
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- D) Carbon monoxide
- Question: Which of the following is a renewable source of energy derived from the Earth’s internal heat?
- A) Wind energy
- B) Solar energy
- C) Geothermal energy
- D) Hydroelectric power
- Question: What is the term for the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use?
- A) Nitrification
- B) Denitrification
- C) Nitrogen fixation
- D) Ammonification
- Question: Which environmental organization focuses on the conservation of wetlands and their resources?
- A) Greenpeace
- B) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
- C) Ramsar Convention
- D) Sierra Club
- Question: What is the primary cause of the depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere?
- A) Nitrogen oxides
- B) Sulfur hexafluoride
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- D) Methane
- Question: Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude?
- A) Troposphere
- B) Stratosphere
- C) Mesosphere
- D) Thermosphere
- Question: What is the primary source of mercury pollution in aquatic ecosystems?
- A) Industrial discharges
- B) Deforestation
- C) Agricultural runoff
- D) Coal combustion
- Question: Which of the following is a key component of sustainable agriculture?
- A) Monoculture
- B) Pesticide-intensive practices
- C) Crop rotation
- D) Clear-cutting
- Question: What is the main contributor to indoor air pollution in urban areas?
- A) Radon gas
- B) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
- C) Particulate matter
- D) Carbon monoxide
- Question: Which international agreement aims to phase out the production and consumption of substances that deplete the ozone layer?
- A) Kyoto Protocol
- B) Basel Convention
- C) Montreal Protocol
- D) Rio Declaration
- Question: What is the term for the process by which water vapor is released from plants into the atmosphere?
- A) Evaporation
- B) Transpiration
- C) Condensation
- D) Precipitation
- Question: Which of the following is a major greenhouse gas released during the digestion of food by ruminant animals?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Sulfur hexafluoride
- Question: What is the primary cause of the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica?
- A) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Carbon dioxide emissions
- C) Nitrous oxide emissions
- D) Deforestation
- Question: Which environmental issue is associated with the loss of topsoil through wind or water erosion?
- A) Desertification
- B) Acid rain
- C) Eutrophication
- D) Deforestation
- Question: What is the primary role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in environmental health?
- A) Wildlife conservation
- B) Air quality monitoring
- C) Water resource management
- D) Disease prevention and control
- Question: Which of the following is an example of a point source of water pollution?
- A) Agricultural runoff
- B) Industrial discharge
- C) Oil spill
- D) Urban stormwater runoff
- Question: What is the primary cause of the formation of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?
- A) Oil spills
- B) Marine dumping
- C) Tsunamis
- D) Coastal erosion
- Question: What is the primary component of smog that forms in urban areas?
- A) Nitrogen oxides
- B) Ozone
- C) Sulfur dioxide
- D) Particulate matter
- Question: Which of the following is a method of sustainable waste management that involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms?
- A) Incineration
- B) Landfilling
- C) Recycling
- D) Composting
- Question: What is the term for the process by which an ecosystem recovers from a disturbance?
- A) Ecological succession
- B) Biotic potential
- C) Population dynamics
- D) Genetic diversity
- Question: Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the loss of biodiversity?
- A) Habitat conservation
- B) Introduction of invasive species
- C) Sustainable agriculture
- D) Reduced pollution
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas produced by the livestock industry?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Ozone
- Question: Which international agreement aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of certain ozone-depleting substances?
- A) Kyoto Protocol
- B) Montreal Protocol
- C) Paris Agreement
- D) Basel Convention
- Question: What is the primary cause of ocean dead zones?
- A) Eutrophication
- B) Oil spills
- C) Overfishing
- D) Acidification
- Question: What is the main objective of the REDD+ program in the context of climate change?
- A) Promoting sustainable fishing practices
- B) Conserving biodiversity
- C) Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
- D) Enhancing renewable energy sources
- Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of a sustainable urban development?
- A) Increased dependence on fossil fuels
- B) Urban sprawl
- C) Green building practices
- D) High levels of air pollution
- Question: What is the primary source of mercury pollution in the atmosphere?
- A) Industrial emissions
- B) Agricultural runoff
- C) Volcanic activity
- D) Deforestation
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas associated with the agricultural practice of rice cultivation?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
- Question: Which of the following is an example of a non-point source of air pollution?
- A) Power plant stack
- B) Automobile exhaust
- C) Agricultural field
- D) Industrial chimney
- Question: What is the term for the process by which pollutants are removed from water as it passes through soil?
- A) Filtration
- B) Precipitation
- C) Adsorption
- D) Desalination
- Question: Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the depletion of stratospheric ozone?
- A) Acid rain
- B) Nitrogen oxides
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- D) Particulate matter
- Question: What is the primary function of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in environmental science?
- A) Wildlife conservation
- B) Climate monitoring and research
- C) Oceanography studies
- D) Soil conservation
- Question: What is the primary cause of the greenhouse effect?
- A) Industrial pollution
- B) Increased solar radiation
- C) Human activities releasing greenhouse gases
- D) Volcanic eruptions
- Question: Which of the following is a renewable energy source derived from the movement of air?
- A) Geothermal energy
- B) Solar power
- C) Wind energy
- D) Hydroelectric power
- Question: What is the term for the process by which rocks and soils become contaminated with heavy metals through human activities?
- A) Biomagnification
- B) Leaching
- C) Acidification
- D) Bioaccumulation
- Question: Which environmental organization focuses on protecting rainforests and promoting biodiversity?
- A) Greenpeace
- B) Rainforest Foundation
- C) Sierra Club
- D) Conservation International
- Question: What is the main cause of the “ozone hole” over Antarctica?
- A) Carbon dioxide emissions
- B) Industrial pollutants
- C) Nitrogen oxides
- D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter in landfills?
- A) Carbon dioxide
- B) Methane
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Ozone
- Question: Which of the following is a method of sustainable water management that involves collecting and storing rainwater for later use?
- A) Desalination
- B) Irrigation
- C) Rainwater harvesting
- D) Dam construction
- Question: What is the term for the loss of water from leaves of plants into the atmosphere?
- A) Transpiration
- B) Evaporation
- C) Condensation
- D) Infiltration
- Question: What is the primary cause of coral reef degradation known as coral bleaching?
- A) Ocean acidification
- B) Increased salinity
- C) Elevated sea temperatures
- D) Overfishing
- Question: Which international agreement focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of migratory species of wild animals?
- A) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- B) CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
- C) Ramsar Convention
- D) Bonn Convention
- Question: What is the term for the process by which pollutants are removed from the air by precipitation?
- A) Leaching
- B) Precipitation
- C) Scrubbing
- D) Filtration
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas released from the agriculture sector due to the fermentation of organic matter in the absence of oxygen?
- A) Carbon dioxide
- B) Nitrous oxide
- C) Methane
- D) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
- Question: What is the main cause of soil erosion on hillsides?
- A) Deforestation
- B) Urbanization
- C) Agriculture
- D) Climate change
- Question: Which of the following is a method of sustainable fishing that involves catching only a specified amount of fish to ensure the population’s sustainability?
- A) Blast fishing
- B) Trawling
- C) Bycatch
- D) Quotas
- Question: What is the primary source of indoor air pollution caused by combustion in many developing countries?
- A) Gas stoves
- B) Candles
- C) Solid fuel combustion (wood, dung, etc.)
- D) Electric heaters
- Question: Which of the following is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM)?
- A) Monoculture
- B) Pesticide rotation
- C) Genetic modification
- D) Biological control methods
- Question: What is the term for the loss of water from the soil through evaporation and plant transpiration?
- A) Infiltration
- B) Percolation
- C) Runoff
- D) Evapotranspiration
- Question: Which of the following is an example of a non-point source of pollution in rivers?
- A) Industrial discharge pipe
- B) Oil spill
- C) Agricultural runoff
- D) Sewage treatment plant
- Question: What is the primary cause of the formation of acid rain?
- A) Carbon dioxide emissions
- B) Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions
- C) Methane emissions
- D) Particulate matter emissions
- Question: Which of the following is a major cause of deforestation?
- A) Sustainable logging practices
- B) Urbanization
- C) Reforestation efforts
- D) Agroforestry
- Question: What is the primary greenhouse gas released from landfills during the decomposition of organic waste?
- A) Methane
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Nitrous oxide
- D) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
- Question: Which environmental issue is associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone?
- A) Global warming
- B) Acid rain
- C) Loss of biodiversity
- D) Increased UV radiation
- Question: What is the term for the process by which plants and animals migrate to different regions in response to changing environmental conditions?
- A) Evolution
- B) Hibernation
- C) Migration
- D) Adaptation
- Question: Which of the following is a renewable source of energy derived from the Earth’s internal heat?
- A) Wind energy
- B) Solar energy
- C) Geothermal energy
- D) Biomass
- Question: What is the primary cause of the greenhouse effect on Earth?
- A) Water vapor
- B) Carbon dioxide
- C) Ozone
- D) Methane
- Question: Which environmental organization is known for its focus on protecting endangered species and their habitats?
- A) Greenpeace
- B) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
- C) Sierra Club
- D) Friends of the Earth
- Question: What is the primary source of methane emissions in agriculture?
- A) Livestock digestion
- B) Pesticide use
- C) Irrigation practices
- D) Deforestation
- Question: What is the term for the process of converting sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells? –
- A) Wind power
- B) Hydropower
- C) Solar power
- D) Biomass energy
Answers:
- C) Sunlight
- A) Carbon dioxide
- C) Ozone
- A) Extinction
- C) Fossil fuels
- A) Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide
- C) Glaciers and ice caps
- C) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
- A) Global warming
- A) Carbon sequestration
- A) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Tundra
- B) Condensation
- C) Excessive nutrient runoff
- C) Deforestation
- B) Reduce ozone-depleting substances
- B) Geothermal energy
- B) Desertification
- B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Carbon dioxide
- A) El Niño
- C) Elevated sea temperatures
- D) Carbon dioxide
- B) Eutrophication
- A) Kyoto Protocol
- B) Keystone species
- B) Conservation of endangered species
- B) Stratosphere
- A) Deforestation
- A) Methane
- B) Over-irrigation
- B) Tobacco smoke
- A) Recycling
- C) Bathypelagic zone
- C) Nitrous oxide
- B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- B) Break down dead organic matter
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- D) Agricultural runoff
- B) Ocean acidification
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- C) Geothermal energy
- C) Nitrogen fixation
- C) Ramsar Convention
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- A) Troposphere
- D) Coal combustion
- C) Crop rotation
- B) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
- C) Montreal Protocol
- B) Transpiration
- A) Methane
- A) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- A) Desertification
- D) Disease prevention and control
- B) Industrial discharge
- B) Marine dumping
- A) Nitrogen oxides
- D) Composting
- A) Ecological succession
- B) Introduction of invasive species
- A) Methane
- B) Montreal Protocol
- A) Eutrophication
- C) Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
- C) Green building practices
- A) Industrial emissions
- A) Methane
- C) Agricultural field
- C) Adsorption
- C) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Climate monitoring and research
- C) Human activities releasing greenhouse gases
- C) Wind energy
- B) Leaching
- B) Rainforest Foundation
- D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- B) Methane
- C) Rainwater harvesting
- A) Transpiration
- C) Elevated sea temperatures
- D) Bonn Convention
- B) Precipitation
- C) Methane
- A) Deforestation
- D) Quotas
- C) Solid fuel combustion (wood, dung, etc.)
- D) Biological control methods
- D) Evapotranspiration
- C) Agricultural runoff
- B) Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions
- B) Urbanization
- A) Methane
- D) Increased UV radiation
- C) Migration
- C) Geothermal energy
- A) Water vapor
- B) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
- A) Livestock digestion
- C) Solar power
Master Key Concepts for Competitive Exams and Academic Success
Decoding Biosphere 
Thank you for such comprehensive question bank. It was really very helpful to me
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